We woke reasonably late following the feast and free flowing wine the night before. After gathering ourselves and our packs, we headed down to our homestay family’s small dining room for breakfast.
Refreshingly, what was expected of her was the same thing that was expected of Lara Stone: to take a beautiful picture.
We were making our way to the Rila Mountains, where we were visiting the Rila Monastery where we enjoyed scrambled eggs, toast, mekitsi, local jam and peppermint tea.
Yet strangely the place did not seem crowded. I’m not sure if it was the sheer size of the place, or whether the masses congregated in one area and didn’t venture far from the main church, but I didn’t feel overwhelmed by tourists in the monastery.
Headed over Lions Bridge and made our way to the Sofia Synagogue, then sheltered in the Central Market Hall until the recurrent (but short-lived) mid-afternoon rain passed.
Feeling refreshed after an espresso, we walked a short distance to the small but welcoming Banya Bashi Mosque, then descended into the ancient Serdica complex.
We were exhausted after a long day of travel, so we headed back to the hotel and crashed.
I had low expectations about Sofia as a city, but after the walking tour I absolutely loved the place. This was an easy city to navigate, and it was a beautiful city – despite its ugly, staunch and stolid communist-built surrounds. Sofia has a very average facade as you enter the city, but once you lose yourself in the old town area, everything changes.
Clothes can transform your mood and confidence. Fashion moves so quickly that, unless you have a strong point of view, you can lose integrity. I like to be real. I don’t like things to be staged or fussy. I think I’d go mad if I didn’t have a place to escape to. You have to stay true to your heritage, that’s what your brand is about.
We woke reasonably late following the feast and free flowing wine the night before. After gathering ourselves and our packs, we headed down to our homestay family’s small dining room for breakfast.
Refreshingly, what was expected of her was the same thing that was expected of Lara Stone: to take a beautiful picture.
We were making our way to the Rila Mountains, where we were visiting the Rila Monastery where we enjoyed scrambled eggs, toast, mekitsi, local jam and peppermint tea.
Yet strangely the place did not seem crowded. I’m not sure if it was the sheer size of the place, or whether the masses congregated in one area and didn’t venture far from the main church, but I didn’t feel overwhelmed by tourists in the monastery.
Headed over Lions Bridge and made our way to the Sofia Synagogue, then sheltered in the Central Market Hall until the recurrent (but short-lived) mid-afternoon rain passed.
Feeling refreshed after an espresso, we walked a short distance to the small but welcoming Banya Bashi Mosque, then descended into the ancient Serdica complex.
We were exhausted after a long day of travel, so we headed back to the hotel and crashed.
I had low expectations about Sofia as a city, but after the walking tour I absolutely loved the place. This was an easy city to navigate, and it was a beautiful city – despite its ugly, staunch and stolid communist-built surrounds. Sofia has a very average facade as you enter the city, but once you lose yourself in the old town area, everything changes.
Clothes can transform your mood and confidence. Fashion moves so quickly that, unless you have a strong point of view, you can lose integrity. I like to be real. I don’t like things to be staged or fussy. I think I’d go mad if I didn’t have a place to escape to. You have to stay true to your heritage, that’s what your brand is about.
To choose the best type of web hosting is important for all webmasters, it not only affects the performance and stability of the website, but when it comes to moving or changing the host, it will be complicated and affect to the smoothly opertation. Currently, there are 3 popular types of web hosting for webmasters to choose: Shared host (reseller hosting is also a shared host type), VPS hosting and dedicated server. After nearly eight years of webmaster experience, I have moved to use a variety of hosts, from shared hosts (from different companies) to VPS hosting and then dedicated server .. Through this article, I want to share a bit of experiences that I found out, hoping to help you in choosing the right type of host for your website.
Compare shared hosting, VPS hosting and dedicated server.
Compare Shared hosting vs VPS hosting and Dedicated server
1) What is a Dedicated Server? What is VPS hosting? And what is a shared host?
– A Dedicated Server is an individual, independent, non-shared server, with technologies that can now extend a dedicated server to infinity by multiplexing many physical servers together
– VPS (Virtual Private Server or Virtual Server) is created by dividing the physical server. Each server is a completely separate system, has its own CPU, its own RAM, its own hard drive space, its own IP address and operating system, the user has full root access and can Restart the system at any time.
– Shared host: A server (VPS or dedicated server) is used to host multiple websites simultaneously (usually hundreds or thousands of websites).
2) Compare Shared hosting vs VPS hosting and Dedicated server
Basically, you can imagine this: A dedicate server can be divided into multiple VPSs, each VPS can be used as multiple shared host accounts. Since then you can compare the basic differences of these three types of hosting. – Speed and performance load website: Of course the dedicated server is always the best, then VPS hosting, finally the shared host. With large websites (forums with thousands of people online, it is imperative to use a dedicated server or at least VPS hosting, if you use a shared host, your account will be blocked immediately because of server overload. – System administrator: If using VPS hosting or dedicated server, you must have a certain term in terms of configuration and server administration. When using a shared host, you do not necessarily know that knowledge, but you are simply given an account to log in and set up the website. (The host also supports many configurable hosts. Very fast website, just one click. – Cost: It is clear that the cost of a dedicated server is always the biggest and much bigger than VPS hosting and Shared host. Specifically, at present, the cost of dedicated server is about $30- $100 / month or more; Also, VPS hosting rates range from $5 to $ 40 per month; Shared hosts range from $3 to $10 per month depending on the provider.
There are many other criteria to compare shared hosts, VPS hosting with dedicated servers such as security, user rights, support, … However, these factors do not depend much on the type of hosting (shared host, VPS Or dedicate) that depends on the knowledge and skills of the administrator, service provider, technology, etc.
What type of web hosting will you choose?
With about 8-year experiences, I have used many different types of hosting, from Free hosts to Shared hosting of 10 different companies, which are the top ten hosting companies in the world, then end up switching to VPS hosting and Dedicated server.
With 1 VPS hosting the lowest configuration (512MB RAM, 1 core CPU, 20GB storage, usually unlimited bandwidth) is enough for about a dozen websites with traffic of a few thousand hits per day.
With prices ranging from $5/month, it’s cheaper than the usual unlimited host packages but far more powerful than a shared host, you have full control over VPS, so why you choose Shared hosting? The simple reason is to use a shared host easier than with VPS hosting, just login to the host account and configure some steps almost automatically.
In fact, you only need to spend 30 minutes to learn how to configure and use VPS hosting, plus 5 minutes to configure is that you can use VPS hosting with the host manager (control panel) similar to the Shared hosts are commonplace! There are plenty of websites hosting VPS hosting guides on the internet, ask Google.
Once you know how to use VPS hosting, I found it a waste of a hundred dollars to rent a shared hosting.
Conclusion
Choosing the best hosting for a website is important for webmasters, depending on the demands, we can choose from shared hosts, VPS hosting to dedicate servers. However, with the majority of regular website needs, no dedicated server, VPS is the most suitable solution
Good luck!
Linux is an open source Operating System, mainly used on servers and mainframes due to its high stability, secured and free. This is part 5 of the serial Linux Command Line – Other Useful Command Line in Linux (CentOS, Ubuntu)
Linux is an open source Operating System, mainly used on servers and mainframes due to its high stability, secured and free. This is part 4 of the serial Linux Command Line – Commands Line for Network Configuration in Linux (CentOS, Ubuntu)
Commands Line for Network Configuration in Linux (CentOS, Ubuntu)
Bonus: E-book “Total Linux Command Line“, Download Here
1) Commands Line for Network Configuration in Linux (CentOS, Ubuntu)
Ubuntu, CentOS, and other Linux operating systems consider a network card as a device. They save the configuration in the text file, then load it every time the system boots up. Each computer needs a wired or wireless Ethernet card, listed in the /dev directory with a name beginning with three letters Eth, for example, eth0 for the first network card, eth1 for the second network card…
The Network configuration files of CentOS and Ubuntu are usually different. For example, in Ubuntu, the network configuration file is stored in /etc/network/interface/ while in CentOS, it is stored in /etc/sysconfig/network- Scripts/
1.1. Commands for Checking network information in CentOS and Ubuntu
COMMAND
PURPOSE / DESCRIPTION
ifconfig -a | grep eth
Check the total number of network cards in the system
ifconfig
Check the configuration (MAC, IP address, gateway ..) of all the network card in the machine
(similar to the IPCONFIG command in Windows)
ifconfig card-name
Check the configuration of the network card named card-name (eg: ifconfìg eth0)
route -n
Check the route of packets (similar to the ROUTE command in Windows)
1.2. Commands for Network Configuration in CentOS and Ubuntu
COMMAND
PURPOSE / DESCRIPTION
sudo ifconfig eth0 up
Enable the network card eth0 in Ubuntu
sudo ifconfig eth0 down
Disable the network card eth0 in Ubuntu
ifconfig card IP1 netmask IP2
Set the network configuration for a network card. For example, to set the IP for eth0 to 192.168.1.100, netmask= 255.255.255.0 with this command: ifconfig eth0 192.168.1.2 netmask 255.255.255.0 Warning: This configuration will be reset/ deleted after the system re-start
vi /etc/network/interfaces
Set up the network configuration file in Ubuntu with VI Text Editor
vi /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0
Set up the configuration for network card Eth0 in CentOS with VI Text Editor
/etc/init.d/networking restart
Restart the network card in Ubuntu (to apply changes)
service network restart
Restart the network card in CentOS (to apply changes)
vi /etc/resolv
Set name servers for CentOS and Ubuntu. For example: nameserver 8.8.8.8 nameserver 8.8.4.4
route add default gw 192.168.1.1
Set 192.168.1.1 as the default gateway in Ubuntu. In contrast to the command Add, we use the command Delete (for example: route delete default gw 192.168.1.1)
route add -net 192.168.5.0 mask 255.255.255.0 dev eth0
Add a static routing to the network (for the network card Eth0). In contrast to the command Add, we use the command Delete
1.3. Other Command Line for Networking in CentOS and Ubuntu
COMMAND
PURPOSE / DESCRIPTION
netstat
Display network connections (same in Windows)
traceroute serverA
Trace packet routing to serverA
nslookup
Query the domain server (name server)
rlogin serverA
Connect to a remote system
telnet serverA
Connect to a remote system (better interacting than rlogin)
rcp fileX serverA
Copy a file (fileX) from the remote server (serverA)
ftp
Transfer files between systems on a network
rsh commandA
Run a command on a remote system without logging in
ping serverA
Check connection to a remote system (same in Windows)
lcd path
Change local folder when logged in on remote machine
mesg y/n
Set options for other users to write messages for you
write user
Send a message to another user
talk user
Allow 2 people to chat with each other
Now I will guide in detail how to use the above commands to configure the network for CentOS and Ubuntu
Guide how to setup the network configuration in CentOS and Ubuntu
2) Guide how to Configure the network in CentOS and Ubuntu
In part 3 of serial Linux Commands, we will learn how to use File Editor in Linux. There are many tools that helps us to edit files in Linux (text editor). We can even edit Linux files from our Windows via FTP client (such as CuteFTP or FileZilla) or we can edit Linux files directly via command line (such as vi, nano, vim, gedit, emacs …). Remember that Commands in CentOS and Ubuntu are very similar, but sometimes there are differences.
Commands Line for File Editor in Linux (CentOS, Ubuntu)
Editing files in Linux server from Windows via FTP client is quite visual and easy, but sometimes, we have to edit files directly in Linux servers via Command Line. In this article, I will guide you how to edit TEXT file in Linux by 4 ways: 1- Command Line using VI Text Editor, 2-Command Line using NANO Text Editor, 3-Command Line using other Text Editor, 4- Edit file from Windows via FTP client
Bonus: Share “All Linux Command Line” document, download here.
Commands Line for File Editor in Linux (CentOS, Ubuntu)
1) Linux Text Editor with VI
VI is the standard text editor on Unix Operating Systems. It is a visual editor, operating under two modes: Command Mode (Command Line) and Insert Mode (Edit mode)
To edit a file, we use the below command:
VI filepath/filename
For example, to edit PHP.INI file, just type:
VI php.ini
Linux Text Editor with VI (photo: howtogeek.com)
– In the Command Mode, we can only use the keyboard to perform actions such as moving the cursor, save data, open the file … we cannot edit text in this mode
– To edit text (edit file content), we need to switch to Insert Mode.Insert Mode allows using keyboard to edit file contents.
Note: In the Insert Mode, we can not use commands. To enable commands, we need to exit Insert Mode by pressing ESC key
? Group Commands in the Insert Mode
COMMAND
PURPOSE / DESCRIPTION
i
Switch to Insert Mode, character is written in front of the cursor
l
Before the first character on the line
a
After the cursor
A
After the first character on the line
0
Below the current line
O
Above the current line
r
Replace the current character
R
Replace until the press
ESC
Switch back to Command Mode
? Group Commands for File actions in VI
COMMAND
PURPOSE / DESCRIPTION
:w
Save the file
: x
Save the file and exit Insert Mode
: wq
Save the file and exit Insert Mode (same above)
:r
Open/ read a file
:q!
Exit without saving the file content
:q
Exit if no change made
:w
Save into a new file
? Group Commands for moving the cursor in VI
COMMAND
PURPOSE / DESCRIPTION
h
Go left 1 space
e
Go right 1 space
w
Go right 1 word
k
Go above 1 line
j
Go down 1 line
O
In the current line
r
Replace the current character
R
Replace until the press
)
End of the sentence
(
Start of the sentence
}
End of the paragraph
{
Start of the paragraph
? Group Commands to delete, copy, paste, undo in VI
COMMAND
PURPOSE / DESCRIPTION
dw
Delete 1 word
d^
Delete characters from the cursor to the beginning of the line
d$
Delete characters from the cursor to the end of the line
3dw
Delete 3 words
dd
Delete the current line
x
Delete 1 character
y
Copy
u
Undo the previous operation
3yy
Copy 3 consecutive lines
yy
Copy the entire line at the cursor position
y$
Copy from current cursor to the last
p
Paste
? Group Commands to find and replace in VI
COMMAND
PURPOSE / DESCRIPTION
?
Find upward
/
Find down
*/and
Find next words of “and”
*?and
Find words ending by “and”
*/nThe
Find from the next line begins with “The”
n
Find downward
N
Find upward
cw
Replace 1 word
3cw
Replace 3 words
cc
Replace the current line
5cc
Replace 5 lines
:s/text1/text2/g
Replace “text1” by “text2”
:g/one/s/1/g
Replace “one” by “1”
:1.$s/file/folder
Replace file by folder from row 1
2) Linux Text Editor with NANO
NANO is Ubuntu built-in Text Editor. It is pretty simple and easy to use, allowing us to edit files with basic features such as opening files, editing files and saving files … Syntax:
nano filepath/filename
Linux Text Editor with NANO (photo: itsfoss.com)
Some common NANO keyboard shortcuts:
COMMAND
PURPOSE / DESCRIPTION
Ctrl-O
Save file
Ctrl-R
Open file
Ctrl-X
Close file
Ctrl-G
Help
3) Other Text Editor in Linux
Beside usual Text Editor (VI and NANO), there are many other Linux Text Editors, such as Gedit, Emacs, Kate, Geany, Kwrite, Nedit, Scribes, SciTE, Medit, Gtkedit… Each Editor supports various features. I often use VI, if you want to learn about other Editors, you can find more from Google.
4) Guide to edit files in Linux Server via Windows FTP client
In many cases, especially those who have never worked with Linux, they don’t want to use even one simple command line; or if the content of Linux file is closely related to a file(s) in Windows (you may want to copy and paste from Windows). In such case, editing Linux file via Windows FTP client will really help.
Edit files in Linux Server via Windows FTP client
Here is how to edit Linux file via Windows FTP client:
– Connect to Linux server via FTP client (CuteFTP or Filezilla)
– Browse to the folder that contains the file(s) you want to edit
– Right-click on the file then select View/Edit
– FTP Client program will download the file from Linux server then open it using the default text editor program in Windows (Notepad, Notepad++ …) => You can edit the file as you want very easily (in Windows Notepad or Notepad++)
– After editing completed, you close Notepad/ Notepad++ => Select “Upload” or “Save” in the confirmation dialog => Wait until uploading finished. Done!
Tutorial video: How to use VI editor in Linux CentOS, Ubuntu
In this part of serial Linux Commands, we will learn using Linux Commands for File and Folder/ Directory Management. File and Folder management includes these main tasks: disk and partition management, create file/ folder, edit file content, rename file/ folder, set permission for user(s), move file/ folder.
Remember that Commands in CentOS and Ubuntu are very similar, but sometimes there are differences.
Linux Commands for File and Folder/ Directory Management
Linux Commands for File and Folder/ Directory Management
1. View File and Folder details
LINUX COMMAND
PURPOSE / DESCRIPTION
ls
Display all files and folders in the current folder
ls foldername
List the content in the foldername
ls -l
List the content in the current folder, includes: size, last updated time…
ls -a
List the content in the current folder, includes hidden files
pwd
Provide the path of working folder
cd
Change working folder (like the command CD in MS-DOS)
df
Check disk space
du
Check Disk Usage: Sizes of folder trees inclusive of all of their contents and the sizes of individual files
2. Linux Commands for File and Folder activities (create, delete/ remove, search…)
LINUX COMMAND
PURPOSE / DESCRIPTION
mount
Mount/ Attach file system from a storage device (other device, such as a CDROM, DVD, floppy disk or USB key drive)
– mount /mnt/floppy: Attach a floppy disk
– umount /mnt/floppy: Detach a floppy disk
– mount /mnt/cdrom: Attach a CD-ROM.
umount
Unmount file system from a storage device
mkdir
MaKe DIRectory: Create a new folder, eg: mkdir Folder-Name
touch
Create a new and empty file.
rmdir
Remove/ Delete an empty folder(s) (to delete a folder with content (not empty, use this command: rm -rf )
mv
Rename or Move file/folder
rm
Remove/Delete file(s)
cp
Copy file(s) to another location eg: cp source-file.txt des-file.txt
chmod
Set file/ folder permission. Format: chmod right-code file/folder-name
wget
Download a file from a URL
find
Find file or content in file, eg:
– find /etc -name inittab: Find all file in the folder /etc that its name contains inittab
– grep text filename: Search for string text in filename
lpr
Print a file
lprm
Cancel printing queues
lpq
Display the list of printer queues
echo str
Copy str to the command window
3. Linux Commands for File Editor
LINUX COMMAND
PURPOSE / DESCRIPTION
wc
Count the number of lines, words and characters in the text
cat
Display file content
more
View file content by page
less
View file content by line
vi
Open a file with VI editor
tail
Reads the final few lines (10 by default). To display the final 100 line, use the command: tail 100 file-name
head
Reads the first few lines (10 by default). To display the first 100 line, use the command: head 100 file-name
ln existingfile new-link
Create a path to a file (hard links)
4. Linux Command for Compression and Decompression
LINUX COMMAND
PURPOSE / DESCRIPTION
tar -cvf
Compress files/folders with.TAR format
tar -xvf
Decompress a .TAR file
gzip
Convert .TAR file to .TAR.GZ file
gunzip
Convert .TAR.GZ file to .TAR file
tar -xzf
Decompress a .TAR.GZ file, eg: tar -xvf archive.tar
tar -zxvf
Decompress a .tar.bz2 file
tar -jxvf
Decompress a .tar.gz2 file
tar -cvzpf
Compress a folder, eg: tar -cvzpfarchive.tgz /home/example/public_html/folder
unzip
Decompress a .zip file
How to use Linux Commands for File and Folder Managment
Edit file with VI text Editor
For example, we will try to edit file PHP.INI using VI editor. Firstly, type this command:
vi /etc/php.ini
– Press key Insert to enter “Editing mode” then edit the file content.
– When you are finished, press Insert key once more time to exit“Editing mode“.
– Finally, save the file with below command:
:wq
And here are other commands for VI editor:
:w -Save the file but does not exit VI editor
: x – Save the file and exit VI editor
:wq – Save the file and exit VI editor
:w – Save the content into a new file
:q – Exit VI editor if there is no change
:q! – Exit VI editor
:r – Read a file
Create a new Partition in Linux
– Firstly, create a new folder in /mnt with the below command:
mkdir /mnt/New-Partition
– Then, use MOUNT command:
mount /dev/source /mnt/New-Partition
(/dev/source is the storage device (partition) we want to attach to the file system)
Find/ Search for file/ file content in Linux
– To search for file by filename, use the command: FIND
– To search for a string (text) in file content, use the command GREP:
grep < keyword/ condition>
– With a long content, we can use the command MORE to display text by page
– To get all file content, use the command: CAT
cat < file name>
– To View only some content in the top or bottom of a file, use the command HEAD or TAIL.
Cheers!
If you need any further help, feel free to contact us by leaving a comment on each article.
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Linux is an open-source Operating System, typically used on servers because it is high stable, secured and free. Linux is primarily based on Command Lines (Linux Commands), similar to the previous Microsoft DOS. Linux server administration is quite complicated, it requires certain knowledge and experiences.
Linux Command Line
Serial Linux Commands:
>> Part 1 – Linux Commands for Server Management and Monitoring
>> Part 2 – Linux Commands for File and Folder/ Directory Management
>> Part 3 – Linux Commands for File Editor in Linux (CentOS, Ubuntu)
>> Part 4 – Linux Commands for Network Configuration in Linux (CentOS, Ubuntu)
>> Part 5 – Other Useful Linux Commands (CentOS, Ubuntu) you need to know
In this serial articles of Linux Commands, I will summarize and classify all the useful Linux Command Lines into groups so that you can easily understand and use. There are many ways we can connect to a Linux Server via SSH from a terminal (to perform a Command Line), you can use Putty, OpenSSH …
Linux Commands Line for Server Management and Monitoring
Linux Commands for Server Management and Monitoring
Linux server administration includes many tasks, such as: System Monitor (CPU status, memory status, processes…), service management, user management, user roles (create users, change passwords, permission …), reset server, run tasks or schedule task …
Below tables are the most important Command Line you need to know to start managing a Linux Server. Most command lines apply to both Ubuntu and CentOS
1. System information
COMMAND
PURPOSE / DESCRIPTION
cat /proc/cpuinfo
Check CPU information (number of core, family, vendor, clock speed…)
cat /proc/meminfo
Check RAM usage status – used by each process/ service
cat /proc/version
Check Linux Kernel version
cat /proc/ioports
Check I/O port information
cat /etc/redhat-release
Check Centos (and other Redhat) version
uname -a
Check Kernel information
free -m
Check memory (RAM and SWAP) usage status – summary
init 0
Shuttown the server (similar to shutdown -h now or telinit 0)
df -h
Display system files and disk usage status
du -sh
Display the capacity of the current folder/ directory
du -ah
Display the capacity of sub-folders and files in the current folder
du -h –max-depth=1
Display the capacity of direct child sub-folders in the current folder
df
Display the capacity of hard disks and all its partitions
lspci
Display the mainboard information
/sbin/ifconfig
Display the IP configuration of the server
hostname
Display the hostname of the server
finger user@server
Collect details about the current user
arch
Check server’s architech
cat /proc/swaps
Check SWAP information (SWAP in Linux is very similar to Virtual RAM in Windows)
last reboot
Check reboot history of the server
2. Linux Commands to shutdown, restart… Linux server
COMMAND
PURPOSE / DESCRIPTION
logout
Kill the current session
reboot
Restart the server
shutdown -r now
Restart the server (similar to the command reboot)
shutdown -h now
Shutdown the server immediately
shutdown -h 9:30
Shedule for shutting down the server (the server will shutdown at 9:30)
shutdown -c
Cancel all scheduled shutdown commands
telinit 0
Turn off the server (similar to the command shutdown -h now)
init 0
Turn off the server (similar to the command shutdown -h now ortelinit 0)
exit
Exit the current terminal window
halt
Turn off the server (similar the command shutdown)
sleep
Pause/Sleep the system (similar to Sleep in Windows)
3. Linux Commands for User management in Linux (CentOS, Ubuntu)
COMMAND
PURPOSE / DESCRIPTION
passwd
Change password (standard user can only change his password, while root user can change the password of any user)
pwck
Check the syntax and data format of user/password (/etc/passwd)
useradd
Create a new user, eg: useradd -c “New user 1” -g Group1
userdel
Delete a user
usermod
Change/ Edit/ Modify user information (group, user name…)
groupadd
Create a new group (group user)
groupdel
Delete a group
groupmod
Modify/ Edit group information, eg: groupmod -n “old group name” “new group name”
who /w
Display all logged in users in the system
uname
Display system name (host)
id
Display user id (user identification number)
logname
Display current logged in user name
su
Login the system with other user (similar to Secondary Logon feature in Windows)
groups
Display all groups that the current user belongs to
#vi /etc/passwd
Display list users
#vi /etc/group
Display list groups
chmod [file,folder]
Set permission for file/ folder (only the file/ folder owner can perform this command)
chown user [file, folder]
Set/ Change the owner for file/ folder
chgrp group [filefolder]
Set/ Change the owner-group for file/ folder
4. Linux Commands for Service and Process management in Linux (CentOS, Ubuntu)
COMMAND
PURPOSE / DESCRIPTION
top
Similar to Task Manager in Windows, it will display all the information/ status of the system resource (processes, services, average load). Command top -d will allow you to set a refresh duration
ps -u username
Display processes performed by a user
ps -U root
Display all processes except system processes
ps –A
Display all running processes
ss
Display all connecting/ open sockets
ss -l
Display all open ports
w username
Check the logged in user, login history, processes running by this user
vmstat 3
Control behaviors of the system, hardware and system information
ps
Displays all the current running program
uptime
Display the uptime and load average of the system
rpm
Check, uninstall or install a .RPM package
yum
Install a packaged program (like rpm)
wget
Download from a URL
sh
Run an .SH program
startx
Start xwindows mode from a terminal window
yum update –y
Update Linux (CentOS)
stop/start/restart
Stop/ Start or Restart a service or a program, eg: service mysql stop or /etc/init.d/mysqld start
kill
Kill a proccess (the super-user can kill all processes, standard users can kill only processes run by the user)
kill PID or %job
Stop/ Kill a process by the ID (Process Identification Number) or job number
pstree
Display all processes in a process-tree
service –status-all
Check all the service status
whereis mysql
Display the location that the service is installed (eg: MySQL)
service –status-all | grep abc
Check the status of a particular process
kill -9 PID
Force close a process by process ID
kill -1 PID
Force close a process ID then re-load the default config of the process
5. Other Usefull Linux Commands for Server Management
COMMAND
PURPOSE / DESCRIPTION
clear
Clear the command window (similar CLS in MS-DOS)
hwclock
Fix BIOS calendar
cal
Display system calendar
date
Display date, time of the system
date –s “27 SEP 2011 14:26:00”
Set system date-time by a string
date +%Y%m%d -s “20130318″
Set system date by a string (time does not change)
date +%T -s “00:29:00″
Set system time by a string (date does not change)
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Hibernation mode (or Hibernate) is an advanced feature that was first released in Windows XP. It is a very useful and convenient, not just to save battery (for laptops/ notebooks), it helps to turn on/ turn off the computer much faster.
What is Hibernate mode ?
When a computer is hibernating (go to hibernation mode), all the data of your uncompleted works from RAM will be transferred to the hard disk, before turning off the computer. And when the computer resumes from hibernation mode, it will be powered on normally before transferring back the saved data from the hard disk to RAM. You can continue your uncompleted works then.
How to Enable/ Disable Hibernation mode (Hibernate) in Windows XP, Windows 7 and Windows 10
Somebody said that Hibernate is not safe (may damage your computers) or it does not really help to save battery… I am sure that is a wrong opinion. Here are two reasons:
– Firstly, this feature is developed by Microsoft. No way Microsoft releases an “unsafe feature” in their Windows OS.
– Secondly, If you understand the mechanism of hibernating, how hibernation mode works then you will have yourself the answer. The active data from RAM is transferred to the hard disk then it will be transferred back. Nothing is unsafe here. And when a computer is in hibernation mode, it is powered off completely (don’t like “sleep” mode), therefore it does not consume battery.
==> Hibernate is 100% safe, it saves your battery and it helps you to turn on/ turn off your computer very very fast.
However, in some cases, if you hibernate then resume your computer, some programs may get errors – these errors usually relate to session timeout or other strict checking conditions of the applications.
How to Enable/ Disable Hibernation mode (Hibernate) in Windows XP, Windows 7 and Windows 10
Enable/ Disable Hibernate mode in Windows XP
It is very simple to enable/ disable hibernate mode in the Windows XP. Just do a Right-click on the Desktop then select Power Management => Tick on the button Enable Hibernation => OK. (In Windows 7, Windows 8 and Windows 10 does not have this button)
Enable/ Disable Hibernate mode in Windows XP
Enable/ Disable Hibernate mode in Windows 7 and Windows 10
From Windows 7, Microsoft has developed the Hybrid sleep mode. That is a mixed mode (mix Standby mode with Hibernate mode). In Hybrid sleep mode, active data (working data) will be saved to the hard disk while still maintaining RAM Standby mode. This mode consumes more power than Hibernate mode, but it is also more secure than Standby mode.
Enable/ Disable Hibernate mode in Windows 7 and Windows 10
If you do not use your computer for a long time, or your computer is running out of battery then the computer will be turned off into Hybrid mode automatically. When you come back and turn on the computer, all the working data with be recovered from the hard disk to RAM.
When Hybrid sleep mode is enabled, Hibernate mode will be disabled => If you want to use Hibernate mode, you have to disable Hybrid mode first (Hybrid mode is enabled by default in Windows 7, Windows 8 and Windows 10).
To enable Hibernate in Windows 7 and Windows 10. Just follow these steps:
– Open Command Prompt window (open Run dialog => type CMD and press enter)
– Type the command: powercfg -h on
(To disable Hibernate again, use the command: powercfg -h off )
– Close Command Prompt window.
Enable Disable Hibernate mode in Windows 7 and Windows 10
To Show/Hide Hibernate on the power menu, please follow these steps:
– Open Power Options windows from the Control Panel
– Select “Change plan settings” ==> “Change advance power settings”
– Select the active plan (Windows 7 comes with 3 default plans: Balanced, Power Saver and High Performance), Balanced is usually the default plan. If you are not sure about somethings, just repeat step below for all 3 plans.
– Pull to the label “Sleep” == > “Allow hybrid sleep“: Set the value to Off in both On battery and Plugged in
– OK and Save it. Now Hibernate option will appear on the power off screen.
Enable/ Disable Hibernate mode in Windows 8
In Start screen in Windows 8, search for “Power” => Select “Change what the power buttons do” from the result list.
Enable Disable Hibernate mode in Windows 8
On System Settings window, click “Change settings that are currently unavailable”
Scroll your mouse to “Shutdown settings” => Tick on “Hibernate” ==> “Save changes”
Done, Now Hibernate button will display on Power menu beside Sleep, Shutdown, and Restart button.
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Using shortcuts not only increases your speed but it also helps you to become a professional computer user. All master users are familiar with using shortcuts instead of clicking the mouse several times. There are hundreds of shortcut in Microsoft Windows OS, most of them are useful but sometimes you cannot remember all the shortcut if you do not use it every day…
Most keyboard shortcuts in all Windows versions (Windows XP, Windows 7, Windows 10, Windows Server 2008, Windows Server 2012…) are very similar. That is why the below keyboard shortcuts are for Windows 7 but you can also use it in Windows 10, Windows Server…And below are the list of top 10 common and useful shortcuts in Windows 7. Let’s use these shortcut daily.
The most useful Windows 7 shortcut keyboards
1) Win + D: Show/Hide desktop (pretty similar with the key: Win + M: Hide all open windows) 2) Win + L: Lock computer 3) Win + [number]: Hide/Show the application on the taskbar or to be “pinned” in the taskbar in order from left to right! 4) Win + E: Open Window Explorer 5) Win + F: Search in Windows 6) Win + R: Run dialog to run the command (for example, run MSTSC for Remote Desktop Connection) 7) Alt + F4: Close the current window 8) Alt + Tab: Switch between opened windows 9) Alt + D: Move your cursor over the address bar => quite convenient when you surf the web on a laptop without a mouse! 10) Ctrl + Shift + Esc: enable Task Manager (similar to Ctrl + Alt + Del but more convenient because the keys are quite close together) In addition, there are 2 keyboard shortcut that is very useful but rarely use: –Win + P: Select a network projector in the slide show mode –Win + Pause/Break to open the System Properties dialog box Cheers!
![[Windows Tips] Top 10 Useful Shortcuts in Windows 7](https://i0.wp.com/www.coin14.org/media/files/2016/11/top-windows-7-shortcut-easytipz.jpg?fit=696%2C426&ssl=1 "[Windows Tips] Top 10 Useful Shortcuts in Windows 7")
